additional notes in class
prefix
de-negative, remove, completely, down
example: dehumanize, decentralization, delete, deice, denude, descend, deduct, demarcation, demean
en- (also em-) 1. from nouns, meaning "put into or on"
2. from nouns or adjectives, meaning "bring into the condition of"
3. from verbs,meaning "in, into, on" or as an intensifier
4. in, inside
example: engulf, entrust, embed,embrace, enslave, enlighten, enfold, emphasize, entangle, energy
ad-reduction, change into, addition, adherence, increase, intensification
example: adapt, addicted, adhere, adjoin, adopt, adorable, adulterate, advocacy, advise, advantage
extra information
a.gin wine
Gin is a spirit which derives its predominant flavour from juniper berries (Juniperus communis). From its earliest origins in the Middle Ages, gin has evolved from a herbal medicine to an object of commerce in the spirits industry. Gin was developed on the basis of the older jenever, and became popular in Great Britain when William of Orange, leader of theDutch Republic, occupied the English, Scottish and Irish thrones with his wife Mary. Gin is one of the broadest categories of spirits, represented by products of various origins, styles, and flavour profiles that all revolve around juniper as a common ingredient.
From Wikipedia
1.select your favorite gin
2.purchase the tonic: If you think gin is more important, please put the tonic water equally into the gin. If not, makes up 2/3 of the drink.
3.use lemons: Use a slice of lemon is the classic way, or you can also use citrus that can give you a pleasant aroma.
4.add some ice can make your drink better
vocabulary journal
alacrity /əˈlæk.rə.t̬i/
noun
"liveliness, briskness," mid-15c., from Latin alacritatem (nominative alacritas) "liveliness, ardor, eagerness," from alacer(genitive alacris) "cheerful, brisk, lively;" a word of uncertain origin, perhaps cognate with Gothic aljan "zeal," Old English ellen"courage, zeal, strength," Old High German ellian.
e.g.She accepted the money with alacrity.disdain /dɪsˈdeɪn/
noun
mid-14c., desdegne "scorn, contempt," earlier dedeyne "offended dignity" (c. 1300), from Old French desdeigne, from desdeignier (see disdain (v.)). Sometimes in early Modern English shortened to sdain, sdainful. Related: disdainful; disdainfully.
verb
late 14c., from Old French desdeignier "disdain, scorn, refuse, repudiate," from des- "do the opposite of" (see dis-) + deignier"treat as worthy" (see deign). Related: Disdained; disdaining.
e.g.He regards the political process with disdain.
belligerent /bəˈlɪdʒ.ɚ.ənt/
adjective
1570s, from Latin belligerantem (nominative belligerans), past participle of belligerare "to wage war," from bellum "war" (see bellicose) + gerere "to bear, to carry" (see gest). The noun meaning "party or nation at war" is from 1811. Related: Belligerently.
e.g.The belligerent countries are having difficulties funding the war.
intimidate /ɪnˈtɪm.ə.deɪt/
verb
1640s, from Medieval Latin intimidatus, past participle of intimidare "to frighten, make afraid," from in- " + Latin timidus "fearful" (see timid). Related: Intimidated; intimidating. The French verb was intimider (16c.).
e.g.They were intimidated into accepting a pay cut by the threat of losing their jobs.
feint /feɪnt/
noun
1670s, "a false show, assumed appearance;" 1680s as "a pretended blow, movement made to deceive an opponent as to the object of an attack," from French feinte "a feint, sham, fabrication, pretense," abstract noun from Old French feint "false, deceitful; sham, artificial; weak, faint, lazy, indolent" (13c.), originally fem. past participle of feindre "pretend, shirk" (see feign).
Borrowed c. 1300 as adjective ("deceitful," also "enfeebled; lacking in courage;" see feint (v.)), but long obsolete in that sense except as a trade spelling of faint among stationers and paper-makers. Also as a noun in Middle English with senses "false-heartedness" (early 14c.), "bodily weakness" (c. 1400).
verb
c. 1300, feinten, "to deceive, pretend" (obsolete), also "become feeble or exhausted; to lack spirit or courage," from Middle English feint (adj.) "feigned, false, counterfeit" and directly from Old French feint "false, deceitful; weak, lazy," past participle of feindre "to hesitate, falter; lack courage; feign, pretend, simulate" (see feign). Sense of "make a sham attack, make a pretended blow" is attested by 1833, from the noun (1680s as "a feigned attack"). Related: Feinted; feinting.
e.g.He feinted a shot to the left.
pugnacious /pʌɡˈneɪ.ʃəs/
adjective
1640s, a back-formation from pugnacity or else from Latin pugnacis, genitive of pugnax "combative, fond of fighting," from pugnare "to fight," especially with the fists, "contend against," from pugnus "a fist," from PIE *pung-, nasalized form of root *peuk-, *peug- "to stick, stab, to prick" (source also of Greek pyx "with clenched fist," pygme "fist, boxing," pyktes "boxer;" Latin pungere "to pierce, prick").
e.g.I found him pugnacious and arrogant.
promulgate /ˈprɑː.məl.ɡeɪt/
verb
1520s, from Latin promulgatus, past participle of promulgare "make publicly known, propose openly, publish," perhaps altered from provulgare, from pro- "forth" (see pro-) + vulgare "make public, publish." Or the second element might be from mulgere"to milk" (see milk (n.)), used metaphorically for "cause to emerge;" "a picturesque farmers' term used originally of squeezing the milk from the udder" [L.R. Palmer, "The Latin Language"]. Related: Promulgated; promulgating. The earlier verb in English was promulge (late 15c.).
e.g.The new law was finally promulgated in the autumn of last year.
brash /bræʃ/
adjective
1824, of obscure origin, originally American English; perhaps akin to 16c. Scottish brash "attack, assault," or French breche"fragments," especially of ice, which is from a Germanic source (compare Old High German brehha "breach," from brehhan "to break"), or to German brechen "to vomit."
e.g.Don't you think that suit's a bit brash for a funeral ?
scoff /skɑːf/
verb
mid-14c., "jest, make light of something;" mid-15c., "make fun of, mock," from the noun meaning "contemptuous ridicule" (c. 1300), from a Scandinavian source such as Old Norse skaup, skop "mockery, ridicule," Middle Danish skof "jest, mockery;" perhaps from Proto-Germanic *skub-, *skuf- (source also of Old English scop "poet," Old High German scoph "fiction, sport, jest, derision"), from PIE *skeubh- "to shove" (see shove (v.)).
e.g.The critics scoffed at his paintings.
belittle /bɪˈlɪt̬.əl/
verb
1781, "to make small," from be- + little (v.); first recorded in writings of Thomas Jefferson (and probably coined by him), who was roundly execrated for it in England:
Belittle! What an expression! It may be an elegant one in Virginia, and even perfectly intelligible; but for our part, all we can do is to guess at its meaning. For shame, Mr. Jefferson! ["European Magazine and London Review," 1787, reporting on "Notes on the State of Virginia"; to guess was considered another barbarous Yankeeism.]Jefferson used it to characterize Buffon's view that American life was stunted by nature, which he was refuting. The figurative sense of "depreciate, scorn as worthless" (as the reviewers did to this word) is from 1797. Related: Belittled; belittling.
e.g.Stop belittling yourself - your work is highly valued.
tangible /ˈtæn.dʒə.bəl/
adjective
1580s, "capable of being touched," from Middle French tangible and directly from Late Latin tangibilis "that may be touched," from Latin tangere "to touch" (see tangent (adj.)). Sense of "material" (as in tangible reward) is first recorded 1610s; that of "able to be realized or dealt with" is from 1709. Related: Tangibly.
e.g.We need tangible evidence if we're going to take legal action.
laceration /ˌlæs.əˈreɪ.ʃən/
noun
1590s, "act of lacerating;" 1630s, "breach or rend made by tearing;" from Middle French lacération, from Latin lacerationem(nominative laceratio) "a tearing, rending, mutilation," noun of action from past participle stem of lacerare "tear to pieces, mangle; slander, abuse" (see lacerate).
e.g.The boy had received horrific injuries in the attack, including lacerations to both arms.
castigate /ˈkæs.tə.ɡeɪt/
verb
c. 1600, from Latin castigatus, past participle of castigare "to correct, set right; purify; chastise, punish," from castus "pure" (see caste) + agere "to do" (see act (n.)). The notion behind the word is "make someone pure by correction or reproof."
If thou didst put this soure cold habit on To castigate thy pride, 'twere well. [Shakespeare, "Timon" IV.iii (1607)]Related: Castigated; castigating; castigator; castigatory.
e.g.Health inspectors castigated the kitchen staff for poor standards of cleanliness.
sordid /ˈsɔːr.dɪd/
adjective
early 15c., "festering," from Latin sordidus "dirty, filthy, foul, vile, mean, base," from sordere "be dirty, be shabby," related to sordes "dirt, filth," from PIE *swrd-e-, from root *swordo- "black, dirty" (source also of Old English sweart "black"). Sense of "foul, low, mean" first recorded 1610s. Related: Sordidly; sordidness.
e.g.He told me he'd had an affair but he spared me the sordid details.
octogenarian /ˌɑːk.toʊ.dʒəˈner.i.ən/
noun
1789, with -an + French octogénaire "aged 80," from Latin octogenarius "containing eighty," from octogeni "eighty each," related to octoginta "eighty," from octo "eight" (see eight) + -genaria "ten times," from PIE *dkm-ta-, from *dekm- "ten" (see ten). As an adjective from 1784.
solace /ˈsɑː.lɪs/
noun
"comfort in grief, consolation," late 13c., from Old French solaz "pleasure, entertainment, enjoyment; solace, comfort," from Latin solacium "a soothing, assuaging; comfort, consolation," from solatus, past participle of solari "to console, soothe," from PIE *sol-a-, suffixed form of root *sele- "of good mood; to favor" (source also of Old English gesælig "happy;" see silly). Adjectival form solacious is attested 16c.-17c.
e.g.Music was a great solace to me.
aspirant /ˈæs.pɚ.ənt/
noun
"one who aspires," 1738, from French aspirant, from Latin aspirantem (nominative aspirans), present participle of aspirare (see aspire).
dregs /dreɡz/
noun
c. 1300 (implied in surname Dryngedregges), from Old Norse dregg "sediment," from Proto-Germanic *drag- (source also of Old High German trestir, German Trester "grapeskins, husks"), from PIE *dher- (1) "to make muddy." Replaced Old English cognate dræst, dærst "dregs, lees." Figurative use is from 1530s.
e.g.I wanted a last drink of coffee, but there were only dregs left.
She had drunk her coffee down to the dregs (= finished it).
verb
1795, from frenzy (n.). Related:Frenzied; frenzying.
noun
mid-14c., "delirium, insanity," from Old French frenesie "frenzy, madness" (13c.), from Medieval Latin phrenesia, from phrenesis, back-formation from Latin phreneticus "delirious" (see frenetic). Meaning "excited state of mind" is from c. 1400.
e.g.In a frenzy of rage she hit him.
scurrilous /ˈskɝː.ə.ləs/
adjective
